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Reference Availability Report — 2001 Roadless Area Conservation Rule Rescission Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Generated 2026-08-29 06:04 UTC · 399 bibliography entries

Why availability matters

NEPA's purpose is informed public participation; a conclusion whose support cannot be inspected cannot be meaningfully commented on. Incorporation-by-reference carries a "reasonably available for public inspection" standard (formerly 40 CFR 1502.21). Where the agency rests a statement on a source the public cannot freely obtain, that choice is itself contestable: the agency should either make the material available and reopen comment on it, or identify record support the public can inspect.

Every outcome below was discovered, not asserted: an automated pipeline attempted to fetch each cited source (the printed URL, the DOI open-access chain, and identity-verified web search) and recorded what a member of the public would find.

Summary

Availability Entries Share
Freely available on the web 153 38%
Open access (via DOI) 51 13%
Viewable online (web resource — map, dashboard, data tool, or web page) 38 10%
Paywalled 126 32%
No online copy located 24 6%
Dead link (the EIS's own URL no longer resolves) 7 2%
Total 399

157 of 399 bibliography entries (39%) are not freely obtainable by the commenting public. 206 sources were retrieved, identity-verified, and held locally for record-support verification of the document's claims.

Scope: the bibliography vs. the document's actual citations

"Bibliography entries" above means presence in the document's References section — not whether the text ever uses the source. The two measures are independent, and both matter:

  • the document's References section lists 392 sources; 7 more were added to this record for sources the document relies on in footnotes or body text but omits from its References section.
  • the document's text contains 768 citations to external sources (567 author-year scientific citations, 199 legal citations, 2 case-law citations).
  • 343 bibliography entries are actually cited somewhere in the text; 49 are listed but never cited.

Listed but never cited (49)

These 49 sources appear in the References section but are never cited anywhere in the document's text. A reference list is a representation of the record the analysis rests on; a listed source the document cannot place has no traceable role in the analysis. Comment ask: for each of these sources, what data or information was used from it, where in the analysis was it used, and what decisions or conclusions rest on it? If none, the entry misrepresents the scope of the record supporting the decision.

  • Askew, A.A.; White, E.M. In press. Resources Planning Act (RPA) regional assessment of outdoor recreation demand and trends to 2070. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-XXX. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Station. XX p.
  • Barndt, S.; Gray, A.; Hayward, G.; Hiemstra, C.; Kamoske, A.; Kleinsmith, S.; Krueger, J.; Palmer, M.; Pelz, K.; Salverson, W.; Schuler, T.; Schumacher, C.; Tilton, K.; Woodall, C. 2023. Mature and old growth forests: Definition, identification, and initial inventory on lands managed by the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management. USDA Forest Service FS-1215a, Washington, DC. 63 p.
  • Bigelow, D.P.; Borchers, A. 2012. Major Uses of Land in the United States. EIB-178, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, August 2017.
  • Brown, G.; Reed, P.; Raymond, C. 2020. Mapping place values: 10 lessons from two decades of public participation GIS empirical research. Applied Geography Vol. 116. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0143622819310355?via%3Dihub
  • Colorado Parks & Wildlife [CPW]. 2025. Living with Moose. Website accessed 1/5/2026: https://cpw.state.co.us/living-moose#4257225834-2631189940
  • Conservation, Volume 284, 2023, 110199, ISSN 0006-3207. Website accessed 12/5/2025: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2023.110199
  • De La Hunt. 1984. The Canons of Indian Treaty and Statutory Construction: A Proposal for Codification. University of Michigan Law School. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform. 33 p. Available at The Canons of Indian Treaty and Statutory Construction: A Proposal for Codification (umich.edu)
  • Edwards, P.J.; Stuart, G.W. 2002. State survey of silviculture nonpoint source programs: a comparison of the 2000 northeastern and national results. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 19(3):122-127
  • Elliott, K.J.; Vose, J. 2011. The contribution of the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory to developing and understanding of long-term (1934-2008) changes in managed and unmanaged forests. Forest Ecology and Management. Forest Ecology and Management 261:900-910.
  • English, D.B.K.; Froemke, P.; Hawkos, K. 2015. Paths more traveled: predicting future recreation pressures on America’s national forests and grasslands—a forests on the edge report. FS-1034. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 36 p. https://www.fs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/types/publication/field_pdf/paths-moretraveled-final-9-28-15.pdf
  • Federal Register Vol. 81, No. 236. 2016. Executive Order 13751. Safeguarding the Nation from the Impacts of Invasive Species.
  • Garibaldi, A.; Turner, N. 2004. Cultural Keystone Species: Implications for Ecological Conservation and Restoration. Ecology and Society, 9(3):1.
  • Hayward, L. S.; Bowles, A.; Ha, J.C.; Wasser, S.K. 2011. Impacts of acute and long-term vehicle exposure on physiology and reproductive success of the northern spotted owl. Ecosphere 2(6): art65. Website accessed 12/1/2025: https://doi.org/10.1890/ES10-00199.1
  • Ice, G.G.; Stuart, G.W.; Waide, J.B.; Irland; L.C.; Ellefson, P.V. 1997. 25 Years of the Clean Water Act: How Clean are Forest Practices. Journal of Forestry, July 1997. pp. 9-13.
  • Jones, G.M.; Collins, B.M.; Hankin, L.E.; Hart, R.; Meyer, M.D.; Regelbrugge, J.; Steel, Z.L.; Thompson, C. 2025. Collapse and Restoration of Mature Forest Habitat in California. Biological Conservation 308 (August): 111241. Website accessed 12/19/2025: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111241
  • Lamb, C.T.; Mowat, G.; Reid, A.; Smit, L.; Proctor, M.; McLellan, B.N.; Nielsen, S.E.; Boutin, S. 2018. Effects of Habitat Quality and Access Management on the Density of a Recovering Grizzly Bear Population. Journal of Applied Ecology 55 (3): 1406–17. Website accessed 1/5/2026: https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13056
  • Laurian, C.; Dussault, C.; Ouellet, J.P.; Courtois, R.; Poulin, M.; Breton, L. 2008. Behavior of Moose Relative to a Road Network. Journal of Wildlife Management 72 (7): 1550. Website accessed 1/5/2026: https://doi.org/10.2193/2008-063
  • Lesbarrères, D.; Primmer, C.R.; Lodé, T.; Merilä, J. 2006. The effects of 20 years of highway presence on the genetic structure of Rana dalmatina populations. Ecoscience 13(4), 531538, (1 December 2006). Website accessed 11/23/2025: https://doi.org/10.2980/1195- 6860(2006)13[531:TEOYOH]2.0.CO;2
  • Medelsohn, R.; Markstrom, D. 1988. The use of travel cost and hedonic methods in assessing environmental benefits. In: Peterson, G.L; Driver, B.L; Gregory, R., eds. Amenity xviii resource valuation: integrating economics with other disciplines. State College, PA: Venture Publishing, Inc: 159—166.
  • Muñoz, P.T.; Torres, F.P.; Megías, A.G. 2015. Effects of Roads on Insects: A Review. Biodiversity and Conservation 24 (3): 659–82. Website accessed 1/5/2026: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-014-0831-2
  • National Wildfire Coordinating Group [NWCG]. 2025b. NWCG Incident Response Pocket Guide (IRPG), PMS 461. https://www.nwcg.gov/publications/pms461/2025-nwcg- incident-response-pocket-guide-irpg
  • National Wildfire Coordinating Group [NWCG]. 2025c. NWCG standards for M-2002 fire shelters: selecting your deployment site. https://www.nwcg.gov/publications/pms411/nwcg-standards-for-m-2002-fire-sheltersselecting-your-deployment-site 18 November 2025.
  • Neary, D.G.; Hornbeck, J.W. 1994. Impacts of Harvesting and Associated Practices on Off-site Environmental Quality. In: Dyck, W.J; D.W. Cole and N.B. Comerford, eds. Impacts of Forest Harvesting on Long-term Site Productivity. London and New York: Chapman and Hall. pp. 81-118.
  • Outdoor Foundation. 2022. 2022 Outdoor participation trends report. Boulder, CO: Outdoor Foundation. 47 p.
  • Page-Dumroese, D.S.; Jurgensen, M.F.; Brown, R.E.; Mroz, G.D. 1999. Comparison of methods for determining bulk densities of rocky forest soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 63(2): 379–383. doi: 10.2136/sssaj1999.03615995006300020016x.
  • Perry, C.H.; Finco, M.V.; W., Barry T., eds. 2022. Forest Atlas of the United States. FS-1172. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 94p.
  • Pierce, R.S.; Hornbeck, J.W.; Martin, C.W.; Tritton, L.M.; Smith, C.T.; Federer, C.A.; Yawney, H.W. 1992. Whole-Tree Clearcutting in New England: Manager’s Guide to Impacts on Soils, Streams, and Regeneration. General Technical Report NE-172. Radnor, Pennsylvania: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.
  • Piñeiro, A.; Barja, I.; Silván, G.; Illera, J.C. 2012. Effects of Tourist Pressure and Reproduction on Physiological Stress Response in Wildcats: Management Implications for Species Conservation. Wildlife Research 39 (6): 532–39. Website accessed 1/5/2026: https://doi.org/10.1071/WR10218
  • Ryan, R.L. 2005. Social Science to improve fuels management: a synthesis of research on aesthetics and fuels management. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-261. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Research Station. 58 p. https://www.frames.gov/documents/hdfss/ryan_2005.pdf xxiv
  • Satterfield, T.; Gregory, R.; Klain, S.; Roberts, M.; Chan, K. 2013. Culture, Intangibles and Metrics in Environmental Management. Journal of Environmental Management, 117C: 103-114.
  • Seidl, R.; Thom, D.; Kautz, M.; Dario, M.B.; Peltoniemi, M.; Vacchiano, G.; Wild, J.; Ascoli, D.; Pet, M.; Honkaniemi, J.; Lexer, M.; Trotsiuk, V.; Mairota, P.; Svoboda, M.; Fabrika, M.; Nagel, T.; Reyer, C. 2017. Forest disturbances under climate change. Nature Clim Change 7, 395–402 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3303
  • Shannon, G. McKenna, M.F.; Angeloni, L.M.; Crooks, K.R.; Fristrup, K.M.; Brown, E.; Warner, K.A; Nelson, M.D.; White, C.; Briggs, J.; McFarland, S.; Wittemyer, G. 2016. A Synthesis of Two Decades of Research Documenting the Effects of Noise on Wildlife.” Biological Reviews 91 (4): 982–1005. Website accessed 12/18/2025: https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12207
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 2000. Assessment and response to bark beetle outbreaks in the Rocky Mountain Area. RMMS-GTR-62 xxxi
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service [USDA FS]. 2000a. Final Environmental Impact Statement, Rulemaking for Roadless Area Conservation. November 2000. Website accessed 12/1/2025: https://www.fs.usda.gov/managing-land/planning/roadless/archive
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture [USDA]. 2011. Basic Smoke Management Practices. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-10/Basic-Smoke-ManagementPractices-Technical-Note.pdf
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 2011. Forest Service Manual 2900. Invasive Species Management. Zero Code.
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 2020. Major Forest Insect and Disease Conditions in the United States: 2018.
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 2020a. Final Environmental Impact Statement, Rulemaking for Alaska Roadless Areas. September 2000. Website: https://usfspublic.app.box.com/v/PinyonPublic/file/935596398665U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 2019. Data call in support of analysis of impacts from proposed changes to 36 CFR 228, subpart A. (REF - excel file 20200124 – DataCallCompilationAllRegions_RIA)
  • U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service ([SFWS]. 2022b. Species Status Assessment Report for the California Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis). Version 2.0, November 2022. Sacramento, California. Website accessed 12/1/2025:
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 2023. Future of America’s Forest and Rangelands: Forest Service 2020 Resources Planning Act Assessment. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-102. Washington, DC. Website accessed 11/7/2025:
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 2024. Forest Service National Visitor Use Monitoring Data Dashboards.
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 2025. 2024 Energy and Mineral Commodities Report for National Forest System Lands.
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 2025. Forest Service manual 2300—recreation, wilderness, and related resource management, chapter 10—sustainable recreation planning. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. https://www.fs.usda.gov/about-agency/regulations-policies/manual/2310-sustainablerecreation-planning
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 2025. Native Forest Insects. Website accessed 11/20/2025: https://www.fs.usda.gov/science-technology/forest-health-protection/nativeforest-insects-and-diseases/native-forest-insects
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2025. Summary of the Clean Water Act. Website accessed 9/30/2025: https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-clean-water-act
  • U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service [USFWS]. 2025. Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918. Website accessed 9/30/2025: https://www.fws.gov/rivers/law/migratory-bird-treaty-act-1918
  • U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service [USFWS]. 2025a. Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act. Website accessed 9/30/2025: https://www.fws.gov/law/bald-and-golden-eagle-protection-act
  • Wadsworth, F.H.; Zweede, J. 2006. Liberation: Acceptable production of tropical forest timber. Forest Ecology and Management 233 :45–51
  • Bennett, VJ.; Zurcher, A.A. 2013. When Corridors Collide: Road‐related Disturbance in Commuting Bats. The Journal of Wildlife Management 77 (1): 93–101. Website accessed 12/19/2025: https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.467

Impact on the document's claims

Of 224 substantive claims checked against the document's own citations:

  • 164 cite no source at all
  • 14 cited source is silent on the claim
  • 12 cite only legal authorities
  • 12 rest on inaccessible sources
  • 11 supported by the cited source
  • 8 partially supported
  • 2 misrepresent the cited source
  • 1 cited source could not be verified

Claims resting on sources the public cannot obtain

  • "Less than 10 percent of paved roads and less than 30 percent of gravel roads are in good condition." — cited to: 2024 Roads Program Fact Sheet
  • "A fiscal year 2023 Service-wide Asset Summary for the Forest Service estimated current replacement value for NFS roads and bridges at $39 billion." — cited to: 2023 Service-wide Asset Summary report
  • "Approximately 31,000 miles of passenger car and high-clearance roads were maintained, improved or reconstructed in fiscal year 2024." — cited to: gPAS
  • "Between 2000 and 2023, Forest Health Protection detection surveys documented insect and disease-driven tree mortality on 0.8 to 8.4 million acres of all U.S. forests per year." — cited to: Coleman et al. 2018
  • "Initial attack success rates are high (more than 90 percent) for all land designations." — cited to: Thompson et al. 2021
  • "Initial attack success rates were highest within the other NFS land class versus IRAs and wilderness." — cited to: Thompson et al. 2021
  • "One study on fireline construction productivity found that hand crews spent 18 percent of their time driving and hiking." — cited to: Fried and Fried 1996; Belval et al. 2025
  • "The share of U.S. GDP associated with outdoor recreation is larger than the share of GDP associated with the mining (1.5 percent) or utility (1.6 percent) sectors." — cited to: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis 2025
  • "In 2023, harvest and processing of forest products from NFS lands contributed approximately $5.8 billion to the Gross Domestic Product of the U.S. economy, and supported about 51,200 jobs, both full-time and part-time." — cited to: USDA Forest Service 2025a
  • "In 2023, energy and mineral production from NFS lands contributed more than $7.6 billion to the Nation's economic growth in terms of Gross Domestic Product and supported approximately 37,800 jobs." — cited to: USDA Forest Service 2025a
  • "The U.S. population is projected to increase by 8.7 percent between 2022 and 2055." — cited to: Stedman 2003
  • "Overall, timber sector employment has declined by 30.5 percent since 2001." — cited to: U.S. Department of Labor 2024

Viewable online (web resource — map, dashboard, data tool, or web page) (38)

These cited sources are web resources — maps, dashboards, data tools, or agency web pages. The public CAN view them at the URLs below; because they are not fixed texts, the document's claims citing them are marked unverified rather than checked against source text.

Paywalled (126)

The work resolves online but sits behind a paywall — a member of the public cannot read the support for the agency's statement without paying for it.

  • Akresh, M.E.; King, D.I.; McInvale, S.L.; Larkin, J.L.; D’Amato, A.W. 2023. Effects of Forest Management on the Conservation of Bird Communities in Eastern North America: A Meta-Analysis. Ecosphere 14(1): e4315. Website accessed 12/1/2025: https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4315 — DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4315
  • Asselin, H. 2015. Indigenous forest knowledge. Routledge Handbook of Forest Ecology. Chapter 41. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. Berkes, F. (1999). Sacred Ecology: Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Resource Management. Taylor & Francis. New York. i — DOI: 10.4324/9781315818290.ch41
  • Audley, J.P.; Fettig, C.J.; Munson, A.S.; Runyon, J.B.; Mortenson, L.A.; Steed, B.E.; Gibson, K.E.; Jorgenson, C.L.; McKelvey, S.R.; McMillin, J.D.; Negron, J.F. 2020. Impacts of mountain pine beetle outbreaks on lodgepole pine forests in the Intermountain West, U.S., 2001-2019. Forest Ecology and Management. 475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118403 — DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118403
  • Van Auken, O.W. 2009. Causes and consequences of woody plant encroachment into western North American grasslands. Journal of Environmental Management, Volume 90, Issue 10, July 2009, Pages 2931-2942. Website accessed 11/20/2025: — DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.04.023
  • Baxter, C.V.; Frissell, C.A.; Hauer, F.R.1999. Geomorphology, Logging Roads, and the Distribution of Bull Trout Spawning in a Forested River Basin: Implications for Management and Conservation, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, Volume 128, Issue 5, September 1999, Pages 854–867 Website accessed 11/20/2025: https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0854:GLRATD>2.0.CO;2 — DOI: 10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128
  • Beale, M.; Poulin, S.; Ivanyi, C.; Blouin-Demers, G. 2016. Anthropogenic Disturbance Affects Movement and Increases Concealment in Western Diamondback Rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox). Journal of Herpetology, 50(2), 216-221, (1 June 2016). Website accessed 11/24/2025: https://doi.org/10.1670/14-112 — DOI: 10.1670/14-112
  • Belval, E.J.; Pietruszka, B.M.; Viktora, A. 2025. The price of doing business: severe injuries in wildland firefighters in the United States by activity performed and hazard encountered. International Journal of Wildland Fire 34, WF25038. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF25038 ii — DOI: 10.1071/WF25038
  • Bengston, D.N.; Westphal, L.M.; Dockry, M.J. 2020. Back from the Future: The Backcasting Wheel for Mapping a Pathway to a Preferred Future. World Futures Review. 12(3): 270278. https://doi.org/10.1177/1946756720929724. https://www.fs.usda.gov/nrs/pubs/jrnl/2020/nrs_2020_bengston_001.pdf — DOI: 10.1177/1946756720929724.https://www.fs.usda.gov/nrs/pubs/jrnl/2020/nrs_2020_bengston_001.pdf
  • Binkley, D.; Fisher, R.F. 2013. Ecology and management of forest soils. 4th ed. UK: WileyBlackwell. 362 p. — DOI: 10.5860/choice.51-0292
  • Birdsey, R.A.; DellaSala, D.A.; Walker, W.; Gorelik, S. 2025. How much more carbon could be protected in mature and old-growth forests of the United States? Biological Conservation, 306, p.111114. — DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111114
  • Bosch, J.M.; Hewlett, J.D. 1982. A Review of Catchment Experiments to Determine the Effect of Vegetation Changes on Water Yield and Evapotranspiration. Hydrology 55: 2-23. — DOI: 10.1016/0022-1694(82)90117-2
  • Brais, S. 2001. Persistence of soil compaction and effects on seedling growth in northwestern Quebec. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 65(4): 1263–1271. doi: 10.2136/sssaj2001.6541263x. — DOI: 10.2136/sssaj2001.6541263x
  • Brand, L. Arriana; George, T.L. 2001. Response of Passerine Birds to Forest Edge in Coast Redwood Forest Fragments. The Auk, Volume 118, Issue 3, 1 July 2001, Pages 678–686. Website accessed 12/19/2025: https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/118.3.678 — DOI: 10.1093/auk/118.3.678
  • Broders, H.G.; Forbes, G.J.; Thompson, I.D. 2006. Range extent and stand selection for roosting and foraging in forest-dwelling northern long-eared bats and little brown bats in the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, New Brunswick. Journal of Wildlife Management, 70(5), 1174-1184, (1 December 2006). Website accessed 12/5/2025: https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1174:REASSF]2.0.CO;2 — DOI: 10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1174:REASSF]2.0.CO;2
  • Brown, G.; Reed, P. 2000. Validation of a forest values typology for use in national forest planning. Forest Science, 46(2), 240-247. — DOI: 10.1093/forestscience/46.2.240
  • Brown, G.; Reed, P.; Raymond, C. 2020. Mapping place values: 10 lessons from two decades of public participation GIS empirical research. Applied Geography Vol. 116. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0143622819310355?via%3Dihub — DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102156
  • Burger, J.; Gochfeld, M.; Pletnikoff, K.; Snigaroff, R.; Snigaroff, D.; Stamm, T. 2008. Ecocultural attributes: evaluating ecological degradation in terms of ecological goods and services versus subsistence and tribal values. Risk Analysis, 28(5):1261–1272. iv — DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01093.x
  • Colorado Parks & Wildlife [CPW]. 2025. Living with Moose. Website accessed 1/5/2026: https://cpw.state.co.us/living-moose#4257225834-2631189940
  • Cambi, M.; Certini, G.; Neri, F.; Marchi, E. 2015. The impact of heavy traffic on forest soils: A review. Forest Ecology and Management. 338: 124–138. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.11.022. — DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.11.022
  • Campbell, M.J.; Gannon, B.M.; Rahman, O.; Stratton, R.D.; Dennison, P.E. 2024. Wildland Firefighter Estimated Ground Evacuation Time Modeling to Support Risk-Informed Decision-Making. Fire 2024, 7, 292. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7080292 — DOI: 10.3390/fire7080292
  • Chase, M.H.; Fraterrigo, J.M.; Charles, B. Harmon-Threatt, A. 2023. Wild Bee Response to Forest Management Varies Seasonally and Is Mediated by Resource Availability. Forest Ecology and Management 548 (November): 121426. Website accessed 1/5/2026: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121426 — DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121426
  • Clark, D.; Hunter, W. 1992. “The impact of economic opportunity, amenities and fiscal factors on age-specific migration rates.” Journal of Regional Science 32(3): 349-365. — DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9787.1992.tb00191.x
  • Cole, E.K.; Pope, M.D.; Anthony, R.G. 1997. “Effects of Road Management on Movement and Survival of Roosevelt Elk.” The Journal of Wildlife Management 61 (4): 1115. Website accessed 12/17/2025: https://doi.org/10.2307/3802109 — DOI: 10.2307/3802109
  • Coleman, T.W.; Graves, A.D.; Heath, Z.; Flowers, R.W.; Hanavan, R.P.; Cluck, D.R.; Ryerson, D. 2018. Accuracy of aerial detection surveys for mapping insect and disease disturbances in the United States. Forest Ecology and Management. 430:321-336 — DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2018.08.020
  • Colorado Parks & Wildlife [CPW]. 2025. Living with Moose. Website accessed 1/5/2026: https://cpw.state.co.us/living-moose#4257225834-2631189940
  • Conlin, T.S.S.; van den Driessche, R. 1996. Short-term effects of soil compaction on growth of Pinus contorta seedlings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 26(5): 727–739. doi: 10.1139/x26-082. — DOI: 10.1139/x26-082
  • Conservation, Volume 284, 2023, 110199, ISSN 0006-3207. Website accessed 12/5/2025: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2023.110199 — DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2023.110199
  • Converse, S.J.; White, G.C.; Farris, K.L.; Zack, S. 2006. Small Mammals and Forest Fuel Reduction: National-scale Responses to Fire and Fire Surrogates. Ecological Applications 16 (5): 1717–29. Website accessed 12/19/2025: https://doi.org/10.1890/1051- 0761(2006)016%255B1717:SMAFFR%255D2.0.CO;2 — DOI: 10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016%255B1717:SMAFFR%255D2.0.CO;2
  • Devenport, S.E.; Edgeley, C.M. Visitor Preferences and Human-Caused Wildfire Prevention: A Survey of Public Land Users in the US Southwest. J. For. 123, 171–196 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44392-024-00003-y — DOI: 10.1007/s44392-024-00003-y
  • Dickie, M.; Love, N.; Steenweg, R.; Lamb, C.T.; Polfus, J.; Ford, A.T. 2023. In search of evidence-based management targets: a synthesis of the effects of linear features on woodland caribou. Ecological Indicators 154: 110559. Website accessed 12/2/2025: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110559 — DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110559
  • Dillon, G.K. 2023. Wildfire Hazard Potential for the United States (270-m), version 2023. 4th Edition. Updated 17 July 2024. Fort Collins, CO: Forest Service Research Data Archive. https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2015-0047-4 — DOI: 10.2737/RDS-2015-0047-4
  • Edwards, P.J.; Stuart, G.W. 2002. State survey of silviculture nonpoint source programs: a comparison of the 2000 northeastern and national results. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 19(3):122-127 — DOI: 10.1093/njaf/19.3.122
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  • Suárez-Castro, A.F.; Hajian-Forooshani, Z.; Barbosa, M.P.B.; Damasceno, G.; Grenié, M.; Ocampo-Peñuela, N.; Oh, R.R.Y.; Carvajal-Quintero, J.; Prado-Monteiro, B.; Chase, J.M. 2025. Trait-Explicit Approaches Cast New Light on Fragmentation’s Effects on xxvii Biodiversity. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, December, S016953472500343X. Website accessed 12/18/2025: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2025.11.009 — DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2025.11.009
  • Tengberg, A.; Fredholm, S.; Eliasson, I.; Knez, I.; Saltzman, K.; Wetterberg, O. 2012. Cultural ecosystem services Department of Commerce provided by landscapes: Assessment of heritage values and identity. Ecosystem Services, 2:14–26. — DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.07.006
  • Thomas, R.B.; Megahan, W.F. 1998. Peak Flow Responses to Clearcutting and Roads in Small and Large Basins, Western Cascades, Oregon: A Second Opinion. Water Resources Research 34(12): 3393-3403. — DOI: 10.1029/98wr02500
  • Thompson, M.P.; Gannon, B.M.; Caggiano, M.D. 2021. Forest roads and operational wildfire response planning. Forests, 2021, 12, 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12020110. xxviii — DOI: 10.3390/f12020110
  • Treyz, G.I.; Rickman, D.S.; Hunt, G.L.; Greenwood. 1993. The dynamics of U.S. internal migration. The Review of Economics and Statistics 75(2): 209-14. — DOI: 10.2307/2109425
  • Unsworth, J.W.; Kuck, L.; Garton, E.O.; Butterfield, B.R. 1998. “Elk Habitat Selection on the Clearwater National Forest, Idaho.” The Journal of Wildlife Management 62 (4): 1255. Website accessed 12/17/2025: https://doi.org/10.2307/3801989 — DOI: 10.2307/3801989
  • Wadsworth, F.H.; Zweede, J. 2006. Liberation: Acceptable production of tropical forest timber. Forest Ecology and Management 233 :45–51 — DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.05.072
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No online copy located (24)

The recovery pipeline (direct URL, DOI open-access chain, verified web search, and landing-page search) located no genuine online copy. Availability is discovered, not asserted — a copy may exist in print or in a repository the pipeline cannot see.

  • USDA Forest Service. 2023. Service-wide Asset Summary report. Generated from the Forest Service's database of record, Natural Resource Management (NRM) (DEIS footnote 23). Cited only in a footnote; absent from the References section.
  • USDA Forest Service. 2024. Roads Program Fact Sheet. Internal Engineering program summary of transportation program facts and data (DEIS footnote 22: 'summarizing various transportation program facts and data as tracked by the USDA Forest Service engineering program'). Cited only in a footnote; absent from the References section.
  • Amman, M.; Böll, A.; Rickli, C.; Speck, T.; Holdenrieder, O. 2009. Significance of tree root decomposition for shallow landslides. Forest and Snow Landscape Research. 82: 79–94.
  • Arno, S.F.; Brown, J.K. 1991. Overcoming the paradox in managing wildland fire. Western Wildlands, 17(1), p. 40-46.
  • Askew, A.A.; White, E.M. In press. Resources Planning Act (RPA) regional assessment of outdoor recreation demand and trends to 2070. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-XXX. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Station. XX p.
  • De La Hunt. 1984. The Canons of Indian Treaty and Statutory Construction: A Proposal for Codification. University of Michigan Law School. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform. 33 p. Available at The Canons of Indian Treaty and Statutory Construction: A Proposal for Codification (umich.edu)
  • Demir, M.; Makineci, E.; Comez, A.; Yilmaz, E. 2010. Impacts of repeated timber skidding on the chemical properties of topsoil, herbaceous cover and forest floor in an eastern beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stand. Journal of Environmental Biology. 31: 477–482.
  • Froehlich, H.A.; McNabb, D.H. 1983. Minimizing soil compaction in Pacific Northwest Forests. in: Earl L. Stone (Ed.) Forest Soils and Treatment Impacts. Proceedings of the SixthNorthAmericanForestSoilsConference.UniversityofTennesseeConferences, 2016 Lake Ave., Knoxville. June 1983. Pp.159-192.
  • Gobster, P.H. 1994. The aesthetic experience of sustainable forest ecosystems. In: Covington, W. Wallace, and Leonard F. Debano, tech. coord., Sustainable Ecological Systems: Implementing an Ecological Approach to Land Management, 1993 July 12−15; Flagstaff, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-247, pp. 246−255. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. xi
  • Hjerpe, E.; Aldrich, G.A. 2018. Economic Values and Contributions of Roadless Areas. [place of publication unknown]: Conservation Economics Institute. 25 p.
  • McMahon, S.; Evanson, T. 1994. The effect of slash cover in reducing soil compaction resulting from vehicle passage. Logging Industry Research Organization Report. 19(1): 1–9.
  • Medelsohn, R.; Markstrom, D. 1988. The use of travel cost and hedonic methods in assessing environmental benefits. In: Peterson, G.L; Driver, B.L; Gregory, R., eds. Amenity xviii resource valuation: integrating economics with other disciplines. State College, PA: Venture Publishing, Inc: 159—166.
  • Outdoor Foundation. 2018. Outdoor recreation participation report, 2018. Washington, D.C.: The Outdoor Foundation. 42 p.
  • Rogers-Martinez, D. 1992. Northwestern coastal forests: The Sinkyone Intertribal Park Project. Ecological Restoration, 10(1):64–69.
  • Stone, E.L.; Swank, W.T.; Hornbeck, J.W. 1979. Impact of Timber Harvest and Regeneration Systems on Streamflow and Soils in the Eastern Deciduous Region. Department of Forest and Wood Sciences. Colorado State University.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1997. National Index Of Watershed Indicators. EPA-841R-97-010. Washington, DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water. 56 pp.
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 2011. Forest Service Manual 2900. Invasive Species Management. Zero Code.
  • U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service [USFWS]. 2017. Species Status Assessment for the Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) Contiguous United States Distinct Population Segment. Version 1.0, October 2017. Lakewood, Colorado. Website accessed 12/1/2025:
  • U.S. Department of Labor. 2024. United States timber industry employment. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, Washington, D.C. QCEW Searchable Databases: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (bls.gov) Accessed April 21, 2024 xxxii
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 2024c. USDA Forest Service wildlife related recreation contributions. 5 p.
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 2025. 2024 Energy and Mineral Commodities Report for National Forest System Lands.
  • USDA Forest Service. 1989. Position statement on national forests old-growth values. Unnumbered internal memo to regional foresters, station directors, and Washington Office staff, October 11, 1989. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Auditors Building 201 14th Street, S.W. at Independence Ave., S.W. Washington, DC 20250.
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 2019. Data call in support of analysis of impacts from proposed changes to 36 CFR 228, subpart A. (REF - excel file 20200124 – DataCallCompilationAllRegions_RIA)
  • USDA Forest Service. Geo-Enabled Performance Accountability System (gPAS). The Forest Service's source for performance data (DEIS footnote 24). Internal database; cited only in a footnote; absent from the References section.

Dead link (the EIS's own URL no longer resolves) (7)

The URL printed in the EIS bibliography no longer resolves — a record-integrity defect in its own right.

Corpus provenance

206 sources are held locally, each fetched from a recorded URL and accepted only on hard identity evidence (DOI in the text, the title as the document's own heading, or an LLM identity confirmation recorded verbatim).

Recovery method Sources
serper-search 110
entry-url 35
unpaywall 20
europepmc 13
doi.org>citation_pdf_url 13
manual 6
openalex 4
entry-url>citation_pdf_url 3
semanticscholar 1
serper-landing 1
License Sources
US Government work (public domain, 17 U.S.C. § 105) 137
undetermined 53
cc-by 15
cc-by-nc-nd 1

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